The most common cause of wide pulse pressure is anemia , other causes include:. Narrowed Pulse Pressure can be result from a variety of causes, with congestive heart failure being the most common. Narrowed Pulse Pressure in itself is not a life threatening condition.
Template:WikiDoc Sources. Calculation Formally it is the systolic pressure minus the diastolic pressure. Values and variation Usually, the resting pulse pressure in healthy adults, sitting position, is about 40 mmHg. Low values If the usual resting pulse pressure is measured as less than 40 mmHg, the most common reason is an error of measurement.
High values If the usual resting pulse pressure is consistently greater than 40 mmHg, e. Relationship to heart disease Recent work suggests that a high pulse pressure is an important risk factor for heart disease. Wide pulse pressure causes Overview Wide pulse pressure can result from a variety of causes, with anemia being the most common. Life Threatening Causes Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Pulse pressure not mean pressure determines cardiovascular risk in older hypertensive patients. Arch Intern Med Apr 24; 8 PMID Cardiovascular disease heart. Angina pectoris Prinzmetal's angina Stable angina Acute coronary syndrome Myocardial infarction Unstable angina. Myocarditis Chagas disease Cardiomyopathy Dilated Alcoholic Hypertrophic Tachycardia-induced Restrictive Loeffler endocarditis Cardiac amyloidosis Endocardial fibroelastosis Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.
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There are two main types of arteries in the human body. The first, which is the more prominent of the two, is the muscular artery. Muscular arteries have a thin intimal layer with a well-developed internal elastic lamina. They also have a muscular wall that can be up to forty layers thick. The primary function of these arteries is to regulate blood flow through adjustment of blood vessel caliber.
The other main type of artery is the elastic artery. Elastic arteries are unique as they have elastic fibers interspersed in between the smooth muscle cells of the tunica intima, which allows elastic arteries to store kinetic energy to smooth out the surge in blood pressure that occurs during systole, known as the Windkessel effect. An increase in pulse pressure can occur in a well-conditioned endurance runner.
As he or she continues to exercise, the systolic pressure will progressively increase due to an increase in stroke volume and cardiac output. Diastolic pressure, on the contrary, will continually decrease due to a decrease in the total peripheral resistance. This effect is due to the accumulation of red slow-twitch muscle tissue in the arterioles instead of white fast-twitch tissue. As a result, the pulse pressure is going to increase; this can also occur in individuals with larger amounts of muscle mass.
Aging impacts pulse pressure and arterial compliance. With aging, there is a decrease in the compliance of the large elastic arteries.
This change is due to structural molecular changes in the arterial wall, including decreased elastin content, increased collagen I deposition, and calcification, which increases the stiffness of the wall. This process is often described as "hardening of the arteries.
In response, the left ventricular tend to hypertrophy. When excessive pulse pressure transmits through the microcirculation of vital organs such as the brain and kidneys, extensive tissue damage tends to occur.
A widened or larger pulse pressure occurs with several diseases, including aortic regurgitation, aortic sclerosis both heart valve conditions , severe iron deficiency anemia reduced blood viscosity , arteriosclerosis less compliant arteries , and hyperthyroidism increased systolic pressure.
In the majority of these cases, systolic pressures increase while diastolic pressures remain near normal. In aortic regurgitation, the aortic valve insufficiency results in a backward, or regurgitant flow of blood from the aorta back into the left ventricle, so that blood ejected during systole returns during diastole.
This condition leads to an increase in the systolic pressure and a decrease in the diastolic pressure, which results in increased pulse pressure. In aortic stenosis, there is a narrowing of the aortic valve, which interferes with the ejection of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, which results in a decrease in stroke volume and a subsequent decrease in pulse pressure.
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