The Joseph Smith Translation corrects this verse to conform with the true meaning of the prophecy and what was no doubt historical reality by having Jesus ride only one animal.
See JST, Matt. In addition to synonymous parallelism, scholars have identified several additional types of parallelism:. Antithetic, in which the second line contrasts with the first:. Emblematic, in which a literal statement is contrasted with a metaphor or a simile:. Stairlike, in which a repeated phrase introduces new thoughts also known as anaphora :.
Introverted, in which the order of the parallel elements is reversed also known as chiasmus :. None of these patterns of parallelism was held to rigidly or mechanically. Often the second line only partially parallels the first, or parallels it in form but not in content. In many cases, the parallelism does not form a couplet, but involves three, four, or more lines.
For instance, Isaiah —3 [ Isa. The various types of parallelism should be thought of simply as aids to help us recognize some of the many patterns of repetition in parallel phrases in Hebrew poetry. The discovery of the Ras Shamra tablets in led to a significant refinement of our understanding of parallelism and the way in which ancient poets composed poetry.
These tablets contain myths and legends dating to the second millennium B. As a retribution for the destroyed sons of my mother. Why do some word pairs repeat in both literatures? The most satisfactory answer was suggested by another discovery from the s. The Homeric poems were sung in the meter of epic poetry, known as dactylic hexameter. In order to compose lines that met the requirements of this meter quickly enough to perform in public, the singer would repeatedly use a traditional stock of words and phrases he knew in advance would meet certain metrical requirements.
Scholars soon realized that, although Semitic poetry is based on parallel lines rather than meter, this same basic insight can explain the existence of repeating word pairs. The poet could use the same word pairs over and over again as the basic building blocks of different parallel lines. Here we can see how the poet used one word pair as the foundation for a number of different synonymous lines.
An appreciation of the principles of Hebrew poetry can also enhance our understanding of the Book of Mormon, a work written by the descendants of a Hebrew-speaking family. Although the Book of Mormon is predominantly a prose work, its style is very repetitive, and the rhetorical element of chiasmus has been observed in its pages. Behold, my soul delighteth in the things of the Lord;. This word pair, which is repeated in a number of other passages in the Book of Mormon, 9 is also repeated in both Hebrew and Ugaritic poetry.
Its poets invariably composed it for teaching, prophesying, and worshipping. The style of Hebrew poetry was ideally suited to such tasks, since every important idea was repeated at least once.
But this repetition was accomplished with sufficient variety of form and diction to render it artful and prevent it from bogging down. When properly perceived, the repetition in the poetry of the Old Testament is not at all tiresome but a delight to read and a key to our understanding.
June Teaching the Gospel with Karlcibaci Spencer J. So, prophetic disputations might have emerged from a legal context, dirges from funerary practices, royal psalms from the king's court, and so on. Recent research has taken form criticism in new directions, showing how poets also use genres in imaginative ways.
For example, the lengthy acrostic Ps is rigorously structured, indeed rigorously formal , yet it draws freely from the lament genre and uses its elements to make something new: a meditative celebration of Torah. Poets let themselves be guided, not dictated to, by the constraints of form. Just like Joel, who turned Micah and Isaiah's ploughshares into swords or the other way around; see Joel , Isa , Mic , biblical poets understood the power of playing on readers' expectations.
Sean Burt, "Hebrew Poetry Forms", n. Psalms of lament respond to illness, violence, or other calamity, urging God to intervene favorably in accordance to God's character and history with God's people. Hebrew is regarded as the spoken language of ancient Israel but is largely replaced by Aramaic in the Persian period. Interpretation of the genre and shape of a narrative in order to determine its original setting and function. The name of Israel's god, but with only the consonants of the name, as spelled in the Hebrew Bible.
In antiquity, Jews stopped saying the name as a sign of reverence. Some scholars today use only the consonants to recognize the lost original pronunciation or to respect religious tradition. View more. Of David. A Miktam, when the Philistines seized him in Gath. Many are rising against me;2many are saying to A Psalm of David.
Prayer for Help in Despondency A Song. A Psalm of the Korahites. To the leader: according to Mahalath Leannoth. A Maskil of Heman the Ezrahite. Ode for a Royal Wedding To the leader: according to Lilies. Of the Korahites. As these categories suggest, Alter describes some of the complex dynamics in the structures of parallelism.
Berlin, Adele. Edited by Robert Doran, Carol A. Newsom, J. Clinton McCann, Adele Berlin, et al. Nashville: Abingdon, Dobbs-Allsopp, F. Edited by Katharine Doob Sakenfeld, — NNNThis article outlines the state of the field of poetry studies, drawing on the history of the discussion in biblical studies, as well as in related fields such as lyric studies. Fokkelman, J. Translated by Ineke Smit. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, Geller, Stephen A. Edited by Alex Preminger and T.
Brogan, — NNNA brief, insightful, and accessible overview of biblical poetry and its informing prosody. Hebrew Verse Structure. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, The key achievements of the book are the syntactic description of the line and its rich insights drawn from a broad knowledge of comparative poetics and linguistics.
Petersen, David L. Interpreting Hebrew Poetry. Minneapolis: Fortress, NNNThis volume is ideal for beginners to Hebrew poetry, as it carefully and clearly delineates terminology and offers ample illustrations as well as modeling readings of particular poems. Perhaps the best contribution is in setting the discussion explicitly within the larger literary study of poetry, including poetry theory. Watson, Wilfred G.
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